In the early 1990, the government of Kazakhstan launched large-scale changes to the completely social and political system. On 24 April 1990, a law was passed declaring a presidential form of the government in the Kazakh SSR, with Nursultan Nazarbaev elected as its first President. On 25 October 1990 the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR approved the Declaration on State Sovereignty, establishing and the country's determination to be subject to international law, while the institution of citizenship as well as equality of forms of ownership were also introduced.
On 10 December 1991, the country was officially renamed in the republic of Kazakhstan. The events of August and December 1991 - the unsuccessful coups and the Belovezhsk agreements - had caused the collapse of the USSR and subsequently, on 16 December 1991, the Parliament of the on the Republic declared the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
During the period 1991-1995, the political system and Constitutional legislation of the Republic were formed. The first Constitution of sovereign Kazakhstan was adopted in January 1993. Being to some extent a compromise between the old and new political systems, reflecting attempts to introduce into the post-Soviet context a western democratic model, this Constitution initially contained some contradiction which occasionally took the form of unnatural opposition and resistance of power.
As a result of the Referendum held on 30 August 1995, a new Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan was adopted, eliminating he shortcomings of the former constitution. The new Constitution established a Presidential Republic, and solved rationally the problem of divided responsibilities among different branches of power, while also welcoming changes to the market system.
In October 1997, President N. Nazarbayev addressed the people of Kazakhstan with a message spelling out the 'Country Development Strategy till 2030'. This paper analyses the Modern History of independent Kazakhstan and sets out the major thrusts of the country's development for the forthcoming 30 years.
The long-term priorities are:
•National Security: to ensure the development of Kazakhstan as an independent sovereign state, maintaining its complete territorial integrity.
•Domestic political stability and social consolidation: to safeguard and strengthen domestic political stability and national unity, enabling Kazakhstan to put its strategy into practice in the current and subsequent.
•Economic growth based on an open market economy with high a level of foreign investments and internal saving. To achieve realistic, stable and enhanced rates of economic growth.
•Health, education and wellbeing of Kazakhstan citizens: to considerably improve standards of living, health, education and other opportunities for Kazakhstan citizens. To improve the natural environment of the country.
•Energy resources: to effectively utilize the energy resources of Kazakhstan by rapidly increasing the extraction and exploration of oil and gas, with the aim of gaining revenues with witch to ensure sustainable economic growth and improve citizens' living standards.
•Infrastructure, particularly transport and communications: to develop these key sectors in such a way that they help strengthen national security, political stability and economic growth.
•Professional state: to establish an effective and up-to-date corps of civil servants and state-owned institution of Kazakhstan, loyal to the cause they serve, and capable of acting as representatives of the people in achieving our priorities.
In the early 1990, the government of Kazakhstan launched large-scale changes to the completely social and political system. On 24 April 1990, a law was passed declaring a presidential form of the government in the Kazakh SSR, with Nursultan Nazarbaev elected as its first President. On 25 October 1990 the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR approved the Declaration on State Sovereignty, establishing and the country's determination to be subject to international law, while the institution of citizenship as well as equality of forms of ownership were also introduced.